Occurrence of a strain of eggplant mottled crinkle virus in Solanum capsicastrum in India

Leaf crinkle symptoms, stem necrosis and stunting were observed in Solanum capsicastrum plants in India. A virus was isolated from these plants and identified as a strain of eggplant mottled crinkle virus based on host reactions, in vitro properties, icosahedral particle morphology, buoyant density (1.39 g cm³), molecular weight (41 ± 0.5 kDa) of coat protein subunits and serological relationships     

Efficacy, uptake and distribution of different herbicides in the water hyacinth

Experiment conducted in the glasshouse with water hyacinth plants in pots revealed that 3h.after spraying parquet or 2.4-D at recommendeb herbicida rates, 43 to 53, of the herbicide is found in the plants and the rest is present in the water culture Out of the total [¹⁴Clparaquat applied,38,9,8·8. 32 and 0.9% was found in the leaf blads. petioles, underwater foliage and roots respectively. The corresponding values for [¹⁴C]2, 4-D were 320. 94. 13 and 0.2% As the time interval after spraying increased, a greater accumulation of herbicide in the under-water parts was evident A net loss of 14 and 60%. of the applied 2,4-D was recorded 1 and 2 weeks after spraying respectively the rate of paraquat loss from the plant water system was similar to 2,4-D. Absorption of [¹⁴C]2,4-D from the culture solution by the roots and the floats of the water hyacinth was. evident Translocation of root-absorbed 2, 4-D into the meristematic folrar parts was dernonstrated If the substrates was treated with 2,4-D.a minimal concentration of 1 p. p. m. was required for water hyacinth death In another experiment glyphosite at 2 to 6 kg a 1 ha and 2.4-D.amine at 0–75 2.25 kg a ha gave complete control of water hyacinth Asulam was found to be unsatis factory even at 6 kg a.1 ha the highest rate tried.     

Changes in particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon with land use in contrasting soils

Soil organic carbon(SOC) is the largest terrestrial carbon(C) stock, and the capacity of soils to preserve organic C(OC) varies with many factors,including land use, soil type, and soil depth. We investigated the effect of land use change on soil particulate organic matter(POM) and mineral-associated organic matter(MOM). Surface(0–10 cm) and subsurface(60–70 cm) samples were collected from paired sites(native and cropped) of four contrasting soils.Bulk soils were separated into POM and MOM fract...     

Effects of pre- and post-inoculation photoperiod on the severity of Melampsora medusae leaf rust of Populus species

Disease severity, based on six parameters (time from inoculation to flecking, and eruption of uredinia, uredinial density and the amounts of urediniospoies produced), was assessed on leaf discs cut from four cultivars of Populus spp. raised with either a long (15 h) or a short (10 h) photoperiod. The discs were inoculated with race 4 of Melampsora medusae and subsequently incubated with either a long (15 h) or a short (10 h) photoperiod. While disease severity, based on most parameters, was lower in discs from the continuing long photoperiod (15 h pre- and 15 h post-inoculation) than from the continuing short photoperiod (10 h pre- and 10 h post-inoculation), maximum severity was developed by discs given a combination of a short pre- and a long post-inoculation photoperiod. The relative contribution of the cultivar, the pre- and the post-inoculation photoperiod and their second- and third-order interactions to variation in disease severity depended on the parameter employed to assess severity. The parameters used are elements of disease monocycles and their possible significance in modelling epidemics is discussed.     

RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE HORN CANCER (SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA)

Characteristic radiologic differences were observed between the normal and cancerous horns of five bullocks. In the latter, the horn core was replaced by a homogenous soft tissue mass without demarcating osseous landmarks. The horn appeared osteolytic in nature. It was evident that lysis of core started from the tip and progressed toward the base. Prognosis was favorable when the base was not involved.     

b-Fabric of some benchmark Vertisols of India in relation to their mineralogy

At present precise information on the b-fabric of Vertisols is inadequate for gaining a comprehensive knowledge about such soils formed in alluvium of basic igneous and metamorphic rocks and spread in varying agro-climatic zones of peninsular India. The aim of the present study, on five benchmark Vertisol series (Sarol, Aroli, Nimone, Bellary and Kovilpatti), was to assess the possible reasons for differences in the b-fabric of the subsoils despite their common shrink-swell properties, as evidenced by the presence of sphenoids and/or slickensides, and similar clay contents and amounts of fine clay smectite. In Sarol and Aroli soils from the sub-humid region, the b-fabric is porostriated, whereas in Nimone and Kovilpatti soils of the semi-arid and Bellary soils of the arid regions the fabric is either mosaic-speckled or granostriated, indicating weak plasma separation, a result of restricted swelling of clays. The related distribution pattern of the s-matrix in all these soils was open porphyric. Recent literature has suggested that weak plasma separation is an effect of dissolution and crystallization of calcite. However, generally low concentrations of soluble calcium (c. 1 mmol dm^?3) in soil solutions of Vertisols in arid and semi-arid agroclimates suggest that the presence of calcite does not guarantee the presence of sufficient soluble calcium to impair swelling of clays by contracting the diffuse double layer. Weak plasma separation in Bellary and Kovilpatti soils compared with Sarol and Aroli soils is explained in terms of a decrease in the internal surface area of fine smectite, as evident from a very high degree of chloritization in smectite interlayers, and smaller proportions of coarse smectite. In Nimone soils the weak plasma separation is primarily due only to a decreased internal surface area of fine smectite.     

Wild onion (Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.) interference in lentil and chickpea crops and its management through competitive cropping

The interference of wild onion with various densities of lentil and chickpea and its management through competitive cropping were studied under field conditions from 2001–2002 and 2002–2003 at Jabalpur, India. The observed yield loss and predicted yield loss related to wild onion indicated that wild onion was less competitive with chickpea than with lentil. As a result of intraspecies competition, the dry weight and number of seeds per plant for wild onion were reduced with increasing density. The suppressing effect of different crops on the seed rain of wild onion was in the order of pea > mustard > wheat > chickpea > linseed > lentil > French bean. Wheat, pea, and mustard were the most competitive crops against wild onion. The high shading ability of these crops was thought to contribute to the suppression of wild onion. French bean offered the least suppression while chickpea, linseed, and lentil showed moderate weed suppression.     

Biological, serological and molecular characterization of a cucumber mosaic virus isolate from India

A. virus causing mosaic and leaf deformation of Physalis minima has been identified as an isolate of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on the basis of its transmission by aphids in a non-persistent manner, polyhedral particles of 29 nm diameter, molecular weight of coat protein subunits us 24-5 kDa. serological relationship with a CMV isolate and a tripartite single-stranded RNA genome with a subgenomic RNA4- Furthermore. cDNA representing coat protein gene was synthesized and cloned. Complete nucleotide sequences (890 nt) were obtained which showed a coat protein gene open reading frame of 657 residues. THE nucleotide sequences provided the 218 amino ACID sequences of the coat protein. Nucleotide as well as amino acid sequences revealed more than 90% identity with the CMV subgroup I strains.     

CONTRAST MEDIA ENHANCEMENT OF INTRACRANIAL LESIONS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING DOES NOT REFLECT HISTOPATHOLOGIC FINDINGS CONSISTENTLY

Certain magnetic resonance (MR) enhancement patterns are often considered to be associated with a specific diagnosis but experience shows that this association is not always consistent. Therefore, it is not clear how reliably contrast enhancement patterns correlate with specific tissue changes. We investigated the detailed histomorphologic findings of intracranial lesions in relation to Gadodiamide contrast enhancement in 55 lesions from 55 patients, nine cats, and 46 dogs. Lesions were divided into areas according to their contrast enhancement; therefore 81 areas resulted from the 55 lesions which were directly compared with histopathology. In 40 of 55 lesions (73%), the histomorphologic features explained the contrast enhancement pattern. In particular, vascular proliferation and dilated vessels occurred significantly more often in areas with enhancement than in areas without enhancement (P=0.044). In 15 lesions, there was no association between MR images and histologic findings. In particular, contrast enhancement was found within necrotic areas (10 areas) and ring enhancement was seen in lesions without central necrosis (five lesions). These findings imply that necrosis cannot be differentiated reliably from viable tissue based on postcontrast images. Diffusion of contrast medium within lesions and time delays after contrast medium administration probably play important roles in the presence and patterns of contrast enhancement. Thus, histologic features of lesions cannot be predicted solely by contrast enhancement patterns.